Non-native+Speakers+of+English

=Introduction= Non-native speakers of English is a broad category that refers to a diverse group of youth services patrons. It describes youth and caregivers who are learning English, and as well as children of immigrants who speak English, but do not operate in it with the fluency of a native speaker. This latter group is sometimes labeled "Generation 1.5" because it is comprised of people who arrived to the U.S. as children, and therefore straddle a place between their first generation parents and second generation siblings. Although there are several terms to refer to non-native English speakers, this article will use ELL (English Language Learner).

Public libraries have a long history of serving ELL patrons. In addition to providing access to educational materials for English learning and citizenship exams, many also offer English classes. Though historically librarians sought to speed the "Americanization" of foreign-born patrons through education, recent efforts recognize the importance of embracing multiculturalism, and changing the library to reflect its community. These efforts include events and fairs that celebrate ELLs' cultures, bilingual storytimes, foreign language materials for children and adults, and circulation paperwork and signage translated into multiple languages.

Even if your library does not currently serve ELL patrons, it cannot hurt to be prepared, especially as demographics shift. Around 12% of the current American population is foreign-born, with over half hailing from Latin America and the Caribbean, followed by immigrants from Asia, Europe and Africa. In recent years, the foreign-born population has also become more widely disbursed; while over half of immigrants still mainly reside in 6 states (California, New York, New Jersey, Illinois, Texas, Florida), many more recent arrivals are settling in the Midwest and South. An ALA study of non-English speakers in public libraries revealed that most of the participating libraries were located in places with populations under 100,000. In 2006, the Department of Education reported that ELL children are the fastest growing student population, and projected that 1 in 4 students will be ELL students in 2025.

Youth services departments and school libraries can play a critical role in the education and cultural adjustment of young ELL patrons and their families. They are safe places, and offer opportunities to speak with friendly and interested English speaking adults. They have access to print and multimedia materials that will help them learn and practice English. Materials available in their language may encourage them to read to a child if they're an adult, or help them scaffold their learning if they're literate in that language. Foreign language materials, as well as items in the collection, library decoration, publicity, or events that reflect their culture will also make them feel more comfortable. These efforts will help them feel like the library is for them, and that they are true members of the community. Youth services staff have the opportunity to represent the core values of the profession by reaching out to people from different backgrounds: "we, as public library youth services managers, must lead the fight to uphold democracy here."

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=What's in a name?= There are many acronyms and terms associated with non-native English speakers. What term best fits your community? For more information, [|Grantmakers Concerned with Immigrants and Refugees] has a comprehensive glossary of terms associated with U.S. immigration.
 * Term || Definition || Notes ||
 * ESL || English as a Second Language || Describes the type of program that enrolls non-native English speakers, rather than the speakers themselves. Also tends to be inaccurate, since many non-native English speakers know multiple languages, and English may be a third or fourth language. ||
 * ESOL || English for Speakers of Other Languages || Like ESL, this describes English language programs ||
 * ELL || English Language Learner || A term that has become more widely used in K-12 ||
 * Gen. 1.5 || A group that arrived to the U.S. as children and grew up in it, but may not have the language and cultural fluency, or U.S. citizenship, of their second generation siblings || A relatively new term to describe an old phenomenon. ||
 * Immigrant || A person who leaves his country and settles in another. ||  ||
 * Refugee || A person who cannot return to his country due to persecution or a "well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, membership in a social group, political opinion, or national origin." || Although refugees are commonly lumped in to the broader classification of "immigrant," they do not have control over where they will resettle. ||
 * Asylee || A person who seeks refuge in another country to escape persecution. They must travel to and enter the U.S. before they can apply for asylum. ||  ||

=History=

The history of library outreach to ELL patrons stretches back to beginning of American public libraries. The rise of public libraries coincided with the great influx of immigrants to the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Many librarians embraced services to immigrants to help ease their assimilation into American society. Libraries offered English classes, and promoted access to educational English and citizenship books, as well as foreign language materials. Some libraries, like the Cleveland Public Library, established home libraries in neighborhoods that were far from library branches, which included many immigrant neighborhoods. Additional branch libraries were also added in factories, fire stations, and elementary schools. Some elementary school branch libraries also included adult materials in foreign languages so that ELL children could take home reading material for their parents. Multilingual story hours and youth clubs held in other languages also helped promote library service to immigrants. Collaborations between libraries and and social service agencies were also common; librarians participated in citizenship classes to better understand naturalization requirements, and worked with social workers and instructors to identify immigrant communities and needs. As early as 1916, the ALA discussed the possibility of creating a unit for librarians who worked with immigranta and ELLs. Within two years, in 1918, the ALA formed a committee: the Round Table on Work with the Foreign Born, which existed for thirty years.



=Programming and Outreach=

Librarians in the early 20th century recognized the importance of leaving the library and bringing services to the community. They proactively established home libraries in immigrant neighborhoods, and visited English and citizenship classes for insight into ELLs' needs. This outreach was important because immigrants were isolated, not only physically from the nearest library, but socially from the English speakers. Isolation is still very present in the lives of non-native English speakers. The state of isolation for today's American immigrants may be even stronger if they are illiterate, have no English experience, and settle in an area where no one else shares their culture or language. The 2008 ALA survey of ELL services in libraries notes: “Yet increasingly libraries...are more and more struggling to serve those linguistically isolated--a growing number that do not speak or understand English at a high enough level to understand the most elemental of communications.

Library programming and outreach can alleviate isolation by bringing the community together. Bilingual storytimes and family programs give both parents and children a social outlet and opportunity to form friendships. Some libraries have also used this time to introduce ELL families to the library with a tour and library card sign-up. The Vancouver Public Library reported several success stories for how bilingual storytime changed its participants lives. A Chinese woman who was too shy and embarrassed about her English to visit the library, started attending regularly after she was approached and invited by a Chinese librarian. She later reported that the storytime helped her and her child became more sociable, and become friends with other families. A woman in a similar parent child group for Filipinos revealed that the friends she had made helped her become less dependent on her husband. While the programs may help children develop literacy skills, parents also benefit through developing networks with other parents. Programs can also boost parents' confidence by encouraging them to participate and share their culture through traditional songs and rhymes.

Culture fairs are another great form of programming that can greatly benefit a neighborhood and improve relations between ELLs and native English speakers. Hilltop Library in Columbus, OH organized an event called "Latino Day" in order to promote library services to Latinos and promote Latino culture to the non-Latinos in the neighborhood. Over 270 people attended and the library collaborated with local restaurants and businesses to provide food and entertainment. Culture fairs are a fun way for the library to assert that ELLs belong to the library community, and that the library is a respectful and welcoming place.

Aarene Storms (2012) suggests creating a teen English discussion group to help teen ELL students practice their vernacular in a low pressure environment with other teens in ways that the more academic-centric school programs don’t allow time for. She provides a guide for starting your own that discusses the how to advertise and manage a teen talk group as well as the importance of flexible scheduling, teen leaders, and (of course) snacks.

Programming and outreach are also important because they can bridge the literacy divide. If ELLs do not come from a culture of recreational reading, and reading is the main activity they associate with the library, they're not likely to make a visit. Programming is an activity that can educate and entertain users from multiple cultural, linguistic, and educational backgrounds. This was one of the conclusions of the 2008 ALA report: “The emphasis on family programming, as well as targeting programming and collection to children, was powerful. This type of effort begins to overcome a major barrier that non-English speaking adults face ‘lack of reading and library habit,’ as well as ‘lack of knowledge about the library.’

=School Libraries and ELLs=

Nearly 5 million students in public schools across the country are ELLs. As the population of ELLs in schools continues to grow, school library media specialists must adapt in order to increase educational opportunities for their students who do not have native fluency in English. Students' linguistic backgrounds can affect not only their ability to comprehend what is happening in the classroom, but can also affect instructors' perceptions of students' abilities. Additionally, cultural backgrounds can also affect the way students approach school and learning. School library media specialists have the opportunity to act as advocates for students in multiple ways.

School libraries can push for incorporating multilingual and multicultural resources across the curriculum, not simply in language arts classes. School libraries can, for example, collect newspapers, music, or web resources from students’ countries of birth, based on in-depth knowledge of their communities. Using technology such as MP3 audio can be incredibly useful in supporting language instruction. If it’s feasible for your library, circulating MP3 players and downloading audiobook version of texts that students’ classes are reading can allow the student to both read and hear their assigned reading—or their personal reading as well.

If your district has dedicated ELL instruction, working with teachers to identify useful materials for instructional purposes can help support students in efficient ways. For example, the school librarian and ELL teachers at H.O. Wheeler Elementary School in Burlington, Vermont worked together to create visual aides for their students with limited to no English. These aides helped children convey their meal choices in the cafeteria, and understand the concept of a fire drill. The librarian also contacted a software company and explained the needs of their ELL students, and the company donated software, software licenses, and a computer in response.

Librarians can also act as a safe haven for ELL students in unfamiliar territory. School librarians have suggested the following techniques:
 * Learn ELL students’ names, welcome them personally, and recruit them as library volunteers.
 * Attempt to learn your users’ languages—greet students in their languages.
 * Display materials and posters for celebrations of diverse holidays, festivals, and heritage events.

School libraries are also uniquely poised to engage parents in literacy initiatives to strengthen communities and support their students. According to some reports, one-third to one-half of ELL students’ parents have less than a high school education. Luther Burbank High School in Sacramento has a high population of Hmong refugees. In order to engage students with reading materials of their own choosing and to promote parent engagement in their children’s education. the school librarian created a webliography of “talking stories” to help develop English skills and provided take-home laptops for students to use with their parents. The “talking stories” then helped encourage students to select library materials based on topics of interest. Involving parents of ELL students can be beneficial because parent engagement can “support students by developing parent relationships, strengthening families, and helping families develop more English skills and self-confidence so they can feel more energized and capable of working to improve their local communities.”

=Collection Development= Reading often and broadly is one of the best ways to acquire vocabulary and learn a language. As librarians, we can help ELL users through thoughtful collection development that encourages them to read and use the library as much as possible. This means incorporating multiple types of resources and formats into the collection. It also means striving to find materials in ELLs’ native languages, as well as materials that respectfully reflect their culture.

A good collection will contain resources that support multiple learning styles and build off prior knowledge. Reading materials are important, but ELLs also need reference sources, like dictionaries, pictures, and bilingual and native language materials. Visuals can provide context for vocabulary words, and effectively explain unfamiliar concepts, such as information literacy. Electronic resources often have many benefits; for example, students can see a word, hear it, and practice technology skills simultaneously. Different resources allow the patron to connect to new vocabulary in multiple ways and contexts, which strengthens their understanding and transfer of knowledge. Marie Kelsey suggests that in addition to fiction materials, youth nonfiction with clear and concise writing can help develop vocabulary and awareness of concepts. She particularly recommends photo essays, which use copious illustrations to complement ideas in the book and make them easier to follow. Developing a diverse collection of compelling photo essays is beneficial to libraries on multiple levels--including supporting their ELL patrons.

Multilingual and multicultural resources not only enable ELLs to build off their knowledge base, they also motivate them to read. ELL parents will be more likely to read to their child and interact with them if they have books in their language. Pre-readers can gain enormous benefit from these interactions with their parents, regardless of language, because they are still learning literacy skills like narration, print awareness, and print motivation. Older children and adolescents are more likely to read material with themes they connect to and characters with whom they identify. They may also feel more motivated to learn in general if their self-esteem and “sense of belonging” is strengthened through the inclusion of materials representing their culture.

The challenge of collecting materials from other languages and cultures may be intimidating for librarians who do not belong to those groups. How can one discern if the materials are authentic and high quality? Your community will be one of the best sources of advice about what to collect and where to find it. This community includes not only ELLs, but ELL instructors, who may supply you with specific suggestions about what resources could supplement their lessons. Patrons may also be a valuable source of advice about whether there are local booksellers that carry materials in lesser known languages, like Bengali or Tamil. In terms of judging quality, Information scholar Denise Agosto suggests examining a work with five standards in mind: accuracy, expertise, respect, purpose, and quality. She also recommends keeping an eye on multicultural award winners, like the [|Pura Belpre Award.]

Examples:
[|Muzzy] is a language learning program developed by the BBC for children with several language options, including English. It includes many cheerful animations and a storyline about a royal family in a fictional land that runs through the lessons. It provides video examples of phrases and matching exercises, unfortunately instructions are given in English. This is not a complete class in language development, but could be a useful supplement to ESL classes for children. For libraries with sizable ELL populations that provide children’s computers with preloaded games, consider devoting a computer to this program.

[|Mango] is another language learning program that is marketed towards adults, but would be appropriate for middle grade and teen users as well. In addition to language learning for English speakers, it has a variety of courses for ELLs that includes written and verbal instructions in their selected native language. It also allows a microphone component for recording speech. One advantage of a subscription to this service is that it can be useful for both English and non-English speaking patrons, however focus is on conversational skills, so it is not a substitute for formal language classes.

Advice:

 * Be clear about the concept of a bilingual library because it can be defined in two different ways and whichever way you choose to interpret it would affect collection development. A bilingual library can be either a library with two distinct collections, one collection in English and one collection of exclusively foreign language material, or it can be a library with an English language collection and a collection of material that is both in English and in a foreign language within the same book. You can, of course, have both kinds of materials, but you should be aware of the distinction.


 * Order resources for a variety of learning levels because students may have been places in a grade level based on their age, but their reading level in their native language may be different and you want to be able to accommodate as many patrons as possible.


 * Do your research when looking for reviews and ordering from vendors. Although it is easier to order from the same vendor that you have always used for materials in English, there are vendors that specialize in non-English language material, and some vendors, like Follett and Baker & Taylor that have special divisions for non-English language material. Also consider publishers that focus on multicultural material (e.g. Lee & Low Books) which often includes titles in languages other than English, and publishers that specialize in foreign language material (e.g. Lectorum) to make sure you are getting a full and complete collection to serve your population of English Language Learners.


 * Attend as many conferences and professional development sessions as you can. As noted above, contributions and suggestions from the community you are trying to serve can be invaluable, but engaging with other professionals who also serve non-native English speaking patrons is another great way to get new ideas for cultivating your own collection.


 * There are grants out there specifically designed to help meet the needs of English Language Learners, such as those provided by the W.K. Kellogg Foundation for educated kids and racial equity, and the ELL mini grants funded by the National Writing Project that are given annually. It is important to be prepared when these opportunities arise by doing an assessment to find out what is lacking in your own collection and what you might need to better serve your diverse patron base.

For more on multicultural collection development click here

=Technology= In an ever-increasingly digital world, it is necessary to make sure that ELLs are able to have access to library digital resources. Library patrons may be unintentionally excluded digitally by providing instructions for using technology solely in English. “The ability to teach and provide written instruction in the patron’s native language is often overlooked, but the patron rarely complains because of the lack of English-speaking skills or embarrassment.” Providing instructions for using computers, the Internet, and library digital resources in languages of need is one way to increase ELLs’ success in using your library. For example, the Brooklyn Public Library has an program called TELL—Technology Literacy for English Language Learners—that provides basic computer instruction for those whose limited proficiency in English makes other technological literacy classes unfeasible. Even just having translated versions of your website can promote access to your constituency: the Brooklyn Public Library’s website is accessible in French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish, and Hebrew, the most commonly spoken foreign languages in the borough.

Visual OPACs provide another option for increasing your library’s accessibility for ELLs. Visual OPACs offer the option to toggle between text and images for OPAC records. Visual OPACs display search results with images of book covers, as well as “excerpts from chapters, video clips, audio files, magazine articles, or web site addresses.” These tools also allow users to search the catalog by clicking on icons or using integrated word processing programs. Some visual OPACs are customizable, allowing librarians to create lists—such as those books that might be required by a class or a list of books of interest for a display—and add icons to the search interface. Using these kinds of tools are powerful for increasing the ability of ELLs, who may not have the language skills necessary to run a sophisticated library search, to access library materials on their own.

As has been noted with Muzzy and Mango, technological resources can also help as language-learning tools. Electronic resources can help meet demands for English as a second language teaching tools and classes in public—and possibly even school—libraries. Resources such as audiobooks designed to teach English, streaming video (like those offered by the [|Orange County Library System], which are designed by professional ESOL instructors), and computer-supported courses like Rosetta Stone and ELLIS can provide unique opportunities for ELLs. “In addition to offering ESOL teaching opportunities free to patrons, these resources allow the Library to offer alternatives that do not limit patrons to fixed schedules and do not require the Library to hire tutors.”

=Ensuring Equal Access=

In her article, The Myth of Equal Access, Cary Meltzer Frostick argues that one of the biggest challenges facing libraries is providing equitable access information and education when serving a diverse collection of patrons.[35] Providing patrons with the best possible assistance is always a bit challenging, but it can be especially difficult when those patrons speak a different language or have different cultural expectations. Being mindful of the obstacles posed by serving a diverse group of patrons, we have included a few important issues that may help guide your library’s policies and procedures to help ensure equality of access and the most effective service,

Literacy and Reading Habits
In the American Library Association’s 2007 report, “Serving non-English Speakers in U.S. Public Libraries,” literacy is described as one of the largest barriers for non-native English speaking patrons to using the library facilities and services.[36] Non-native English speakers, just like other patrons who have limited or non-traditional literacy skills, or do not come from a familial environment where recreational reading is encouraged, may be less intrinsically motivated to visit the library, and would thus be unaware of the variety of helpful services that public libraries offer including literacy programs (one of the most common programs found in public libraries that serve non-native English speaking communities), technology and computer skills classes, and free and available internet access. The promotion of these services within the library and outside in the community could help alleviate this problem.

Library Facilities and Services
According to the “Serving Non-English Speakers” report, knowledge of the library and its role in the community is the second biggest barrier to ELLs using the library. Some families may have different perceptions about the function of a public “library.” For example, in several Latin American countries, libraries are not open for public browsing, but rather use a system of paging for materials and are often utilized solely by specialists and researchers. This is important to consider when trying marketing the library’s programs and services, like literacy programs, bilingual storytimes, and media classes, because those may seem very foreign to someone not familiar with a typical public library in the United States.

Once you get patrons into the library, there are other problems of access in the general administration of the library including the process of getting a library card, which may seem simple, but might actually be challenging for a non-native English speaker. To address this concern, try creating card applications that are more user friendly by adapting them to use the applicant’s native language, not asking for legal status, and allowing applicants to use an official photo ID from any country or a school ID as long as it is accompanied by postmarked mail from within the library’s service area.

Access to Collections
Providing a balanced collection of up-to-date materials, both fiction and nonfiction is the responsibility of a library that wants to provide an equitable level of service of all members of the community, but simply collecting the materials is not enough. Patrons should be able to access the materials easily and independently both in the catalog and the physical organization and display of the materials. The non-English language materials should be cataloged (as best as possible) in the original language or script so as to provide bibliographic access in English and the original language. If the material is housed separately, make sure it is visible and accessible to the community with directional signage in the languages of the major linguistic groups that would be using that collection.

Other Possible Challenges
Challenges to bilingual education affect funding and support for non-English materials and teaching in languages other than English. It is important to prepare for backlash by those who think that resources spent on non-native English speakers takes away from money spent on native English speakers. Samuel Huntington's 2004 article "The Hispanic Challenge," presented a number of reasons that the author, a Harvard Political Scientist, warned that the recent influx of Mexican immigrants threatened "to divide the United States into two peoples, two cultures, and two languages." Huntington wrote, "the United States ignores this challenge at its peril." Many politicians and educators strongly disagree with Huntington, arguing that bilingualism is not a threat but an opportunity. An editorial in Rethinking Schools argues that bilingual education is both civil right, citing the 1974 Lau vs. Nichols court case, and a human right; they refer to the Convention on the Rights of a Child, adopted by the United Nations in 1989, which states that "the education of the child should be directed to ... the development of respect for the child's parents, his or her own cultural identity, language and values" (ctd in "Bilingual Education is a Human and a Civil Right”).

 These arguments can be especially heated in communities where immigration is a divisive issue. Harrington (2012) suggests countering these arguments by collecting demographics to support the importance of these services, getting board members and staff agreement, and selling the library as a resource that helps parents adapt to cultural, language, and legal differences. Your programs and collections are also more defensible if they are unique to the community. If there are still concerns, remember that using politically motivated means to manipulate the library’s collection in order to alienate any particular group is a “marginalizing act” and goes against the intention of a public institution. Libraries should be providing free and open access to information that serves the needs of all members of the community. For helpful ideas and advice on how to enact this policy, please see Reforma’s [|Librarian’s Toolkit for Responding Effectively to Anti-Immigrant Sentiment].

=Best Practices and Strategies=

Collaboration
Collaboration both in and out of the library is one of the best ways libraries can effectively serve ELL patrons. Community agencies such as refugee resettlement agencies, Adult Education and ELL programs, advocacy groups, and--most of all--ethnic community groups, can pool resources with libraries to solve specific needs and offer more holistic assistance. In school libraries, librarians can work with ELL teachers to creatively overcome language barriers with students. Here are some examples of how librarians have solved problems through collaboration:

 Library cards ELL classes and cultural programming Cultural miscommunication and behavioral disturbances
 * The Utica Public Library worked with the Utica school district to issue every public school student a library card. Using the child’s school as proof of address eliminated a step and made it easier for ELL students to get cards. The school district also funded the translation of library card applications.
 * Columbus Library was able to offer free English classes in many of its branches by volunteering the use of its meeting rooms to the Columbus Literacy Council for classes several nights a week. The library also joined forces with several ethnic restaurants, stores, and the Friends of the Library to organize a cultural night to welcome the growing Latino population to the area and celebrate their culture.
 * When a Columbus Library branch started having disciplinary problems with the local Somali teens, the branch manager contacted Somali community groups to seek advice from Somali elders. The elders suggested create and clearly display signs about behavior rules and translate them into Somali. The branch also began to offer homework tutoring after school.

Outreach
One way to deal with challenges of perception and access is to create a portable library. A Bookmobile well equipped with diverse language materials and ready to help with library card applications can be an initial welcome into the library and eliminate transportation problems found in low income communities. A cheerfully painted van or bus in a patron’s own neighborhood can be less intimidating than walking into a brick and mortar building. King and Shanks (2000) also advocate using a bus that can be equipped with internet terminals and audio-visual equipment as a way of demonstrating the various resources of a library and changing conceptions of those who come from cultures where libraries are formal, academic resources. An additional advantage of using the bus is that they can easily be brought to schools and ELL programs for convenient visits. Pairing these visits with bilingual story-times can be the perfect library introduction for young patrons.

Staff Training and Education

 * When there was an influx of Somali refugees to Columbus, OH, the Northern Lights Branch devoted a staff in-service to education about this new patron population. The branch manager invited leaders in the Somali community, and staff from the local refugee resettlement agency to share information for the staff about the Somalia's history and the present situation for refugees.

Re-evaluate Current Policies and Procedures

 * The Utica Public Library had to reconsider policies and procedures that didn't fit the realities of their ELL patrons. Some of these rule changes were allowing more than one child at a computer, issuing a warning rather than eviction for cursing, and removing children's limited borrowing privileges on DVDs.

Respect and Empathy

 * In her article, "Culturally Speaking," Sherry York provides some practical advice about treating ELL students with respect and empathy. She urges readers to avoid singling out students and embarrassing them, asking "simple questions that require only short answers," remembering what it's like to learn a new language and that one can always understand more than she can actually express (and speaking loudly to an ELL student doesn't help). She also points out that ELL students may have had to change their names upon coming to the U.S., and that the expectations of schools in other countries, and the student's culture, inform their behavior

Be an advocate!

 * Utica Public Library Youth Service Manager Cary Meltzer Frostick learned to be an advocate for her young ELL patrons and help change policies in their favor by collecting sympathetic stories and regularly relating them to the director, board members, and other important people in the community. This raised both the importance of the library in the public eye, and importance of extending equal access to ELLs in the community.

=Resources=

General
[|The American Dream Starts @ your library.]  A toolkit of resources developed by the American Library Association to improve library service to foreign-born patrons.Thirty-four libraries contributed to extensive bibliographies, a history of libraries and immigrant outreach, and examples of best practices that have emerged through other libraries' experiences. Though some links no longer work, the bibliography and examples are still very valuable to any library serving ELLs.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|**Arlington Public Library New Americans Page**] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> A libguide geared towards new foreign-born residents in Arlington, Virginia.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Library Service to Special Population Children and their Caregivers] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> A committee of (ALSC) Association for Library Service to Children that advocates for and works to improve library services to ELL children and their caregivers.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|NCELA-National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Ohio Library Council Diversity Awareness and Resources Committee, Children's Services]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|REFORMA (The National Association to Promote Library and Information Services to Latinos and the Spanish Speaking)] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> ALA affiliate that represents the interests of Latino and Spanish speaking patrons through collection development, staff recruitment, and outreach efforts that educate libraries about Latino users and Latino users about libraries.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Spanish Language Literature - S.A.L.S.A. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> This wiki provides strategies, professional development opportunities and resources in Spanish and in English about how to best serve the Latino community in school and public libraries. It includes book lists, collection development ideas, and publisher information as well as loads of other resources.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Serving Non-English Speakers in U.S Public Libraries] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The 2008 ALA report about the state of public library services to non-English speakers.

Programming
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">[|Arlington County Bilingual Storytime Youtube Channel] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> This is the Youtube page of Cuentos y Mas, or Stories and More, a bilingual Spanish storytime filmed and featured on the Arlington Virginia Network. Includes about 20 episodes.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Dia] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> El día de los niños/ El día de los libros (Children's Day/Book Day) is an opportunity to recognize reading in the lives of children around the world. Founded by writer and poet Pat Mora, in collaboration with REFORMA, Dia is currently sponsored by ALSC and celebrated on April 30. Started in 1997, the event grows each year; over 300 libraries participated in 2011, its 15th anniversary. ALSC currently offers Webinars and educational resources for Dia on its website.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Multicultural Programs for Tweens and Teens,] by Linda B. Alexander and Nahyun Kwon. American Library Association: 2010.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Windows on the World: Multicultural festivals for schools and libraries], by Alan Heath. Scarecrow Press: 1995.

Collection development
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">A,B,C's of Student Resources <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> a website provided by Champaign Schools containing helpful links that ESL patrons can use to learn English. Offers links to various topics such as idioms, games, flash cards and translation website etc.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Celebrating Cuentos: promoting Latino children’s literature and literacy in classrooms and libraries,] ed. Jamie Campbell Naidoo. Libraries Unlimited: 2010 <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Collection of articles and advice from Latino educators, librarians and authors. Includes comprehensive bibliography, historical overview, and programming ideas.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Colorín Colorado!] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> This is a free web-based service that provides information, activities and advice for educators and Spanish-speaking families of English language learners (ELLs).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|ESL Kids Stuff] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Features flash cards and educational activities for parents and ELL teachers to use with children. Great website to add to the collection.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Integrating Multicultural Literature in Libraries and Classrooms in Secondary Schools], by KaaVonia Hinton and Gail K. Dickinson. Linworth Publishing: 2007.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|International Children's Digital Library] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Digital library of foreign language books, available as e-books. The current collection is 4468 books in 55 languages.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Internet Public Library Pathfinder for Multicultural Literature for Children]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Multicultural and Diverse Children's Literature LibGuide] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> LibGuide created by Michigan State University

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Multicultural Review] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> A journal devoted to reviewing multicultural resources, including work published by small presses.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Reading is Fun-Reading Planet Book Zone <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Interactive book site that users can create reviews read, recommend books, watch and listen to books.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Santillana Spotlight on English <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Research and standards-based K-5 Program which helps ESL students develop English language proficiency and access grade-level content.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Starfall <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> a free public service to teach children to read with phonics.

Recommended Publishers and Review Sources
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//This list was adapted from a similar one given in "//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">//Bilingual Books: Promoting Literacy and Biliteracy in the Second-Language and Mainstream Classroom."//

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Arte Público Press] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Its imprint for children and young adults, Piñata Books, is dedicated to the realistic and authentic portrayal of the themes, languages, characters, and customs of Hispanic culture in the United States.

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Bilingual Books for Kids]

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|China Sprout] <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> China Sprout promotes learning of Chinese language and culture by providing Chinese and English books relating to Chinese language, Chinese test, Chinese food, Chinese zodiac, Chinese symbols, Chinese music, Chinese tea, Chinese calligraphy, Chinese New Year, Moon Festival, Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Chinese Arts.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Cinco Puntos Press] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Publisher of adult and children's literature, and multicultural and bilingual books from Texas, the Mexican-American border, and Mexico.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Del Sol Books] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Spanish, English, and Bilingual Children's Books and Music.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Hoopoe Books for Children] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Stories from Central Asia and the Middle East available in a variety of languages.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Lectorum] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> One of the largest Spanish-language book distributors in the United States with a catalog of over 25,000 titles.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Lee & Low Books] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> An independent children's book publisher specializing in multicultural themes and authors and illustrators of color.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Mantra Lingua] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> This is a UK based publishing house, but offers dual language resources in over 50 languages, including less collected languages like Tamil and Yoruba, which means it could prove to be a very helpful resource.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> [|Pan Asian Publications] <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> It publishes bilingual picture books of Chinese folktales, stories, and legends to promote Chinese and other East Asian cultures.

=Works Cited= <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;">Adams, Helen R. 2011. "Welcoming America's Newest Immigrants: Providing Access to Resources and Services for English Language Learners." School Library Monthly 27 (10), 50-51.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Agosto, Denise. 2007. "Building a Multicultural School Library: Issues and Challenges," Teacher Librarian, February, pp. 27-31

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> American Library Association. 2007. “Literature Review (2010)." [|Every Child Ready to Read @ Your Library.]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> American Library Association. 2010. "Public Libraries." The State of America's Libraries.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> American Library Association. 2010. "School Libraries." The State of America's Libraries.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> American Library Association Office for Research and Statistics. 2008."Serving Non-English Speakers: 2007 Analysis of Demographics, Services and Programs.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Asher, Curt. 2011. "The Progressive Past: How History Can Help Us Serve Generation 1.5." Reference and User Services Quarterly 51 (1): 43-48.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> "Bilingual Education is a Human and a Civil Right.” Rethinking Schools Online. Winter 2002/2003. Web. 28 Nov 2011. [|www.rethinkingschools.org]

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Brisco, Shonda. 2006. "Visual OPACs." Library Media Connection 25 (3), 56-57.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> The Cleveland Public Library. 1908.The Work of the Cleveland Public Library with Children.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Corona, Elena and Lauren Armour. 2007. "Providing Support for English Language Learner Services." Library Media Connection 25 (6).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> DelGuidice, M. (2007). Cultivating a Spanish and Bilingual Collection: Ensuring the Information Literacy Connection. Library Media Connection, 26(3), 34-35.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Ernst-Slavit, G., & Mulhern, M. (2003). "Bilingual Books: Promoting Literacy and Biliteracy in the Second-Language and Mainstream Classroom." Reading Online, 7(2). Retrieved from http://www.readingonline.org/articles/art_index.asp?HREF=ernst-slavit/index.html.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Ferlazzo, Larry. "Family Literacy, English Language Learners, and Parent Engagement." Library Media Collection 28 (1), 20-21.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Frostick, Cary Meltzer. 2009. "The Myth of Equal Access: Bridging the Gap with Diverse Patrons." Children and Libraries 7 (3).

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> "Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of Multilingual Collections and Services." (2007). Reference & User Services Quarterly, 47(2), 198-200.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Harada, Violet H. and Sandra Hughes-Hassell. 2007. "Facing the Reform Challenge: Teacher-Librarians as Change Agents." Teacher Librarian 35 (2), 8-13.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Harrington, L. (2012) ELL programs in public libraries. Public Libraries, 51(5), 10-11.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Huntington, Samuel. “The Hispanic Challenge.” Foreign Policy. March/April 2004. Web. 26 Nov 2011. [|www.foreignpolicy.com].

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Kelsey, Marie. 2011. "Compel Students to Read with Compelling Nonfiction." Knowledge Quest 39(4), 34-39.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> King, B., & Shanks, T. (2000). This is not your father’s bookmobile. Library Journal, 125(10), 14.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> MacCann, Donnarae. 1989. "Library Service to Immigrants and 'Minorities': A Study in Contrasts." In Social Responsibilities in Librarianship: Essays on Equality, ed. by Donnarae MacCann. Jefferson, NC: Metarland & Co: 97-116.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Mack-Harvin, Dionne. 2007. "Speaking the Language at the Brooklyn Public Library." Kirkus Reviews 75 (21), Special Section 1-3.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Mates, Barbara. 2004. "Who Aren't You Serving Digitally?." Library Technology Reports 40 (3), 6-9.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Melillo, Paolo. 2007. "Transforming ESOL-Learning Opportunities through Technology." Florida Libraries 50 (2), 11-13.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Orellana, Marjorie Faulstich, Lisa M. Dorner and Jennifer F. Reynolds.2006. “Children.” In Immigration in America Today: An Encyclopedia. Eidted by Larry J. Estrada, James Loucky, Jeannne Armstrong. Santa Barbara, Greenwood,. http://ebooks.abc-clio.com.proxy2.library.illinois.edu/reader.aspx?isbn=9780313083099&id=GR1214-779.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Patton, J. (2008). You're Not Bilingual, So What?. Library Media Connection, 26(7), 22-25.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Prendergast, Tess. 2011.“Beyond Storytime: Children’s Librarians Collaborating in Communities." Children and Libraries 9 (1) Spring.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Quesada, Todd D. 2007. "Spanish Spoken Here." American Libraries 38 (10), 40-44.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Reforma. (2006). Librarian’s toolkit for responding effectively to anti-immigrant sentiment. Retrieved from http://www.reforma.org/content.asp?contentid=67

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Riley, Bobby. 2008. "Immersing the Library in English Language Learning." Library Media Connection:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Shelley, Kristin. 2004. “The Faces of Change in Columbus.” Ohio Libraries Vol. 17, Iss. 2; p. 10

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Storms, A. (2012). Talk Time for Teens, Alki, 28(2), 16-17.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> Walters, Nathan P. and Edward N. Trevelyan. 2011. "The Newly Arrived Foreign-Born Population of the United States: 2010. " American Community Survey Briefs. U.S. Census Bureau.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt;"> York, Sherry. 2008. "Culturally Speaking: English Language Learners." Library Media Connection 26 (7).